Gut Microbiome
The community of microorganisms inhabiting the GI tract. The ECS interacts bidirectionally with the gut microbiome, and cannabinoids may modulate gut microbial composition.
In Depth
The gut-brain axis involves bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome, enteric nervous system, and CNS — with the ECS as a key mediator. CB1 and CB2 receptors in the gut regulate intestinal permeability, motility, and immune function. Preclinical studies show THC and CBD alter gut microbiome composition, potentially reducing gut permeability ("leaky gut") and inflammation. The microbiome also metabolizes cannabinoids, affecting their bioavailability. This emerging field may explain some of cannabis's systemic effects.
Further Reading
More in Pharmacology
Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
A lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitter system comprising endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), their receptors (CB1, CB2), and metabolic enzymes.
CB1 Receptor
Cannabinoid receptor type 1. A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) primarily expressed in the central nervous system. The primary target of THC's psychoactive effects.
CB2 Receptor
Cannabinoid receptor type 2. A GPCR primarily expressed in immune tissues and peripheral organs. Less abundant in the CNS than CB1.
Anandamide (AEA)
N-arachidonoylethanolamine. The first endocannabinoid identified. A partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors, named from the Sanskrit word "ananda" meaning bliss.
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
The most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain. A full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors.